| Sources of airborne particulate matter-bound metals and spatial-seasonal variability of health risk potentials in four large cities, South Korea | |
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| 년도 | 2022 |
| 날짜 | Jan |
| 페이지 / 학회지명 |
doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-18445-8. / Environmental Science and Pollution Research |
| 논문저자 | Eunhwa Choi 1, Seung-Muk Yi 2, Young Su Lee 3, Hyeri Jo 3, Sung-Ok Baek 4, Jong-Bae Heo 5 |
| Link |
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-021-18445-8
208회 연결
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1 Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. 2 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. 4 Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea. 5 Busan Development Institute, 955 Jungangdae-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47210, Korea. jbheo@bdi.re.kr. Abstract Fifteen airborne particulate matter-bound metals were analyzed at 14 sites in four large cities (Seoul, Incheon, Busan, Daegu) in South Korea, between August 2013 and June 2017. Among the seven sources resolved by positive matrix factorization, soil dust and marine aerosol accounted for the largest and second largest portions in the three cities; however, in Seoul, soil dust and traffic occupied the largest and the second largest, respectively. Non-carcinogenic risk assessed by inhalation of eight metals (Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, As, Al, Mn, and V) was greater than the hazard index (HI) of 1 at four sites located at or near the industrial complexes. Cumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to exposure to five metals (Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, and As) exceeded the 10-6 cancer benchmark at 14 sites and 10-5 at six sites, which includes four sites with HI greater than 1. The largest contributor to ILCR was coal combustion in Seoul, Incheon, and Daegu, and industry sources in Busan. Moreover, industry sources were the largest contributors to non-carcinogenic risk in Seoul, Busan, and Daegu, and soil dust was in Incheon. Incheon had the highest HI in spring because of the higher contribution of soil dust sources than in other seasons. The higher ILCR in Incheon in spring and winter and higher ILCR and HI in Daegu in autumn were mainly due to the influence of industry or coal combustion sources. Statistically significant differences in the ILCR and HI values among the sampling sites in Busan and Daegu resulted from the higher contribution of industry sources at a certain site in the respective city. Keywords: Health risk; Inhalation; Metal; PMF; Seasonal variability; Source apportionment; Spatial variability. |
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