사업성과
연구성과
Urinary Concentrations of Major Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizer Metabolites in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and Associated Risks
년도 2021
날짜 Dec
페이지 /
학회지명		 55(24):16526-16537 / Environmental Science & Technology
논문저자 Inae Lee 1, Claudia Pälmke 2, Benedikt Ringbeck 2, Yunchul Ihn 1, Alexandra Gotthardt 2, Gowoon Lee 1, Raid Alakeel 3, May Alrashed 3 4, Ramadhan Tosepu 5, Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja 6, Kraichat Tantrakarnapa 7, Wissanupong Kliengchuay 7, Younglim Kho 8, Hol
Link 관련링크 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c04716 300회 연결
Affiliations
1 School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
2 Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum 44789, Germany.
3 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
4 Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
5 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia.
6 College of Mandala Waluya Health School, Kendari 93561, Indonesia.
7 Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand.
8 Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geographical, climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017-2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfDAA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, respectively. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures.

Keywords: Asia; Children; Exposure; Plasticizer; Risks; Substitutes

서울대학교 보건대학원 환경보건학과 BK21연구단

TEL : 02) 880-2836