| Degradation of cyclophosphamide during UV/chlorine reaction: Kinetics, byproducts, and their toxicity | |
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| 년도 | 2021 |
| 날짜 | 2021 Apr |
| 페이지 / 학회지명 |
268:128817 / Chemosphere |
| 논문저자 | Ji-Young Lee 1, Young-Min Lee 2, Tae-Kyoung Kim 3, Kyungho Choi 4, Kyung-Duk Zoh 5 |
| Link |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004565352033015…
152회 연결
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1 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. 2 Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. 3 Environmental Fate and Exposure Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, South Korea. 4 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. 5 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: zohkd@snu.ac.kr. Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used anticancer drug and an immunosuppressant. Since CP is nonbiodegradable, it is hardly removed by the conventional wastewater treatment processes, resulting in continuous detection in surface water. In this study, the degradation of CP during the UV-B/chlorine reaction was investigated. CP was not degraded by UV-B photolysis and chlorination only but was effectively degraded in the UV-B/chlorine reaction with pseudo-first-order kinetics. Acidic pH conditions in the UV-B/chlorine reaction showed the most effective removal of CP. More than 56% of the CP was mineralized within 8 h of the reaction. Seven organic transformation products (TPs) (m/z = 141.01, 192.10, 198.03, 212.01, 258.01, 274.00, and 276.02, respectively) and four inorganic byproducts (NH4+, NO3-, HCOO-, and PO43-) were identified using LC-qTOF/MS and ion chromatography, respectively. Microtox test based on bioluminescence inhibition showed that the toxicity inhibition increased to 88% as the reaction proceeded during the UV/chlorine reaction, probably due to the production of TPs, especially TP 258 (m/z = 258.01). The results of this study imply that the toxicity of TPs needs to be reduced when applying a UV-B/chlorination process to treat CP in water. Keywords: Acute toxicity; Cyclophosphamide; Mineralization; Transformation products (TPs); UV/chlorine process. |
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