사업성과
연구성과
Lead and mercury levels in repeatedly collected urine samples of young children: A longitudinal biomonitoring study
년도 2020
날짜 2020 Oct
페이지 /
학회지명		 189:109901 / Environmental Research
논문저자 Jin Hee Kim 1, Aram Lee 2, Sung Koo Kim 3, Hyo-Bang Moon 4, Jeongim Park 2, Kyungho Choi 5, Sungkyoon Kim 6
Link 관련링크 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393512030796… 121회 연결
Affiliations
1 Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
2 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea.
3 College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
4 Department of Marine Science and Convergent Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
5 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
6 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ddram2@snu.ac.kr.

Abstract
Early life exposures to lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) were reported to be associated with various adverse health outcomes. However, limited data was available for urinary Pb and Hg levels in young children and the proportion of children at risk by age, as well as inter- and intra-subject variations of urinary Pb and Hg levels. Therefore, we collected total 491 urine samples from 241 children by urine collection at birth and at intervals of 3 months until 27 months of age for each child (at 10 monitoring time points), measured urinary Pb and Hg levels, and then evaluated the proportion of children at risk by age and the intra-class correlation (ICC) of the urinary Pb and Hg levels. Both the urinary Pb and Hg levels were significantly different according to the monitoring time points (p < 0.0001 for both Pb and Hg). The number of children with Hg level over the Human BioMonitoring (HBM) I (7 μg/L) and II (25 μg/L) in the first urine at birth were 3 (2.2%) and 1 (0.7%), respectively, while the urinary samples at the other time points did not show Hg level over HBM I or HBM II. However, the exceedance rate for urinary Pb based on HBM values was not calculated due to unavailable HBM values. On the other hands, the proportion of the children with Pb and Hg levels over the reference value derived on the 95th percentile of representative samples (RV95) (1.7 μg/L for Canadian Pb and 0.4 μg/L for German Hg) was relatively high, ranging from 20.0% to 100.0% for Pb and from 13.6% to 100.0% for Hg. The ICC of the repeated measurements from birth to 27 months was 0 for Pb and 0.89 for Hg, while the ICC after the exclusion of the first urine at birth was 0.13 for Pb and 0.47 for Hg. Furthermore, the Pb and Hg exposures were consistent among the high-exposure group for Pb and among all population for Hg. Our data showed Korean children were exposed to relatively high levels of Pb and Hg. However, our Pb and Hg levels in children were based on only urine samples without urinary correction and without consideration of the levels in any other bio-samples such as bloods. Therefore, to explore the Pb and Hg exposures using urine samples warrant further investigation with large sample size considering urinary correction and other bio-samples in the future.

Keywords: Hg; Pb; Repeatedly collected urines; Young children.

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