| Occurrences of benzalkonium chloride in streams near a pharmaceutical manufacturing complex in Korea and associated ecological risk | |
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| 년도 | 2020 |
| 날짜 | 2020 Oct |
| 페이지 / 학회지명 |
256, 127084 / Chemosphere |
| 논문저자 | Sujin Kim 1, Kyunghee Ji 2, Hyesoo Shin 3, Suhyun Park 4, Younglim Kho 5, Kyunghwa Park 6, Kyungtae Kim 6, Kyungho Choi 7 |
| Link |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004565352031277…
177회 연결
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1 School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA. 2 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea. 3 School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. 4 School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Sciences, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea. 5 Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Republic of Korea. 6 National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea. 7 School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kyungho@snu.ac.kr. Abstract Benzalkonium chloride (BKC) is a commonly used preservative in personal care products and pharmaceutical preparations. However, its ecological risks are not well understood because of lack of monitoring data and ecotoxicological information. In the present study, occurrence of BKC was investigated in the waters near a pharmaceutical manufacturing complex of South Korea and its acute and chronic ecotoxicities were evaluated using Daphnia magna and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Associated ecological risks were estimated by calculating hazard quotients (HQs). In addition, endocrine disruption potency of BKC was compared with those of other frequently used preservatives using human adrenal (H295R) and rat pituitary (GH3) cells. High concentration of BKC was detected at locations near the pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, i.e., 35.8 μg/L for dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (BKC-C12), and 21.6 μg/L tetradecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (BKC-C14). In Daphnia, 48 h immobilization EC50 and 21 d reproduction NOEC were determined at 41.1 μg/L and ≥10.8 μg/L, respectively. For O. latipes, 96 h LC50 was determined at 246 μg/L while the growth inhibition NOEC was ≥113.4 μg/L following early life stage exposure. BKC significantly up-regulated vitellogenin gene of juvenile fish, indicating its endocrine disrupting potential in fish. Exposure to BKC increased steroid hormone level in H295R cells, and induced cytotoxicity in GH3 cells. HQ values of BKC were determined at greater than one in the ambient water near pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. Considering high ecological risk and endocrine disrupting potential, long-term consequences of BKC contamination in aquatic ecosystem need to be examined. Keywords: Benzalkonium chloride; Ecological risk assessment (ERA); Endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC); Environmental monitoring; Quaternary ammonium surfactant. |
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